The Mayan system of writing contains more than 800 characters, including some that are hieroglyphic and other phonetic signs representing syllables. The hieroglyphic signs are pictorial—i.e., they are recognizable pictures of real objects—representing animals, people, and objects of daily life. Another word for representing. Find more ways to say representing, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. With games suited for kindergarten through 2nd grade, children will learn to recognize letters not only by shape but by sound. Sort long and short vowel sounds at the toy store, spot silent 'e' sounds at camp, match rhyming words, and more in these reading challenges. A Game of Dice Drafting & Window Crafting Build your stained glass masterpiece Sagrada is a dice-placement game where players draft dice, representing the color and shade of glass, placing them in their window - carefully following the restrictions while adding their own artistic flair.

A writing system, technically referred to as a script or an orthography, consists of a set of visible marks, forms, or structures called characters or graphs that are related to some structure in the linguistic system. Roughly speaking, if a character represents a meaningful unit, such as a morpheme or a word, the orthography is called a logographic writing system; if it represents a syllable, it is called a syllabic writing system; if a segment of a syllable, it is called a consonantal writing system or an unvocalized syllabary; and if a phoneme, it is called an alphabetic system. (A phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet devised by the International Phonetic Association, is one designed to transcribe any oral language into a common script.) Finally, a writing system such as Hangul, based upon the articulatory features that underlie the phoneme (such as voicing and place of articulation), is called a featural writing system. These relations may be depicted as follows:

While relatively pure examples of these different types of script are known, most writing systems that have been used for general purposes combine properties of more than one type.

Pictorial signs, such as the informational signs at an international airport (insofar as they can properly be called writing), can bear explicit linguistic messages only because of the extremely limited set of alternatives from which a reader must choose. Such writing is of little use for conveying new messages, since there is no convention for decoding them and to that extent it cannot be a general writing system. It can, however, serve a limited set of purposes efficiently.

General writing systems all analyze the linguistic form into constituents of meaning or sound. Chinese script is primarily a logographic script; each word or morpheme is represented by a single graph or character. Two words, even if they sound exactly the same, will be represented by entirely dissimilar characters. But, as the number of distinguishable words in a language can run into the tens of thousands (written English has a recorded vocabulary of more than 500,000 words), the number of logographic characters to be memorized is extremely large.

Syllabaries provide a distinctive symbol for each distinct syllable. A syllable is a unit of speech composed of a vowel sound or a combination of consonant and vowel sounds; the sounds pa, pe, pi, po, pu are different syllables and are easily distinguished in a word. The word paper has two syllables, pa-per. A syllabary such as Linear B, the Mycenaean script dating from about 1400 bce, would have a graph for each of those syllables. Syllables are the most readily distinguishable units of speech; consequently, the earliest of the sound-based, or phonographic, writing systems are syllabic. The number of syllables in a language, while differing considerably from language to language, is always quite large; hence, some hundreds of graphs may be required to make a functioning syllabary. Even then, such writing systems are far from explicit, for any string of syllabic graphs may be read in a number of different ways. The reading of such a script would rely upon the reader’s prior knowledge and ability to work from the context, along with some guesswork.

Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Unit: AP Calculus AB solved free response questions from past exams. AP Calculus AB 2017 free response. 2017 AP Calculus AB/BC 4a (Opens a modal). Previous frqap calculus. Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info.collegeboard.org. This chapter contains solutions and notes for the free-response questions from past AP Calculus exams. The free-response questions and scoring guidelines for these exams are posted on the College Board's apstudent web site and, for teachers, on AP Central.

Consonantal writing systems, as the name implies, represent the consonantal value of a syllable while ignoring the vocalic element. Such a system, therefore, would represent the syllables pa, pe, pi, po, pu with a single character. Such scripts have graphs for consonant sounds but not for vowel sounds, with the result that a certain amount of guesswork is involved in determining which syllable is being represented. This ambiguity, however, should not be overemphasized. When a consonantal system is used to represent a language like English, in which vowels differentiate root morphemes (in English, pat, pet, pit, pot, put are all different morphemes), discarding the vowel results in a highly ambiguous written expression that can be understood only by a reader who already has a good idea of the content of the written message. But in Semitic languages, such as Hebrew and Arabic, the absence of characters representing vowels is much less serious, because in these languages vowel differences generally do not distinguish morphemes. Vowel differences mark inflections, such as tense and aspect, that, while of some importance to the representation of meaning, are both more readily recovered from context and less likely to change the overall meaning. The failure to notice the intimate relation between the morphophonemic structure of the language and the type of orthography has led some scholars to underestimate the efficiency of consonantal writing systems and, perhaps, to overestimate the centrality of the invention of the alphabet to the evolution of Western culture.

Alphabetic writing systems represent the phonological structure of the language. The smallest pronounceable segment of speech is a syllable, but a syllable may be analyzed into the distinctive underlying constituents called phonemes. The syllable pa is produced by passing a column of air through the vocal cords, an action that constitutes the vocalic element, bounded at the outset by sudden release of air through the lips, an action that constitutes the consonantal element. The achievement of the alphabet is to analyze the syllable into its underlying consonant and vowel constituents. The economy of representation comes from the fact that a large number of syllables can be generated from a small set of these constituents. An alphabet consisting of 21 consonants and 5 vowels can generate 105 simple consonant-and-vowel syllables and more than 2,000 consonant-vowel-consonant syllables. In short, an alphabet can represent a full

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